Interview about oncology with Tbilisi State University student
Written by Nino Nikoladze
Introduction
This interview is with a student from Tbilisi State University (TSU) who is exploring the vital role of chemistry in cancer treatment. The discussion delves into various aspects of oncology, from drug design and chemical signals involved in metastasis to recent advancements in cancer research. The student also shares insights into the future intersection of chemistry and oncology, as well as advice for those interested in pursuing careers in cancer research.
What role does chemistry play in cancer treatment?
Chemistry is crucial in the development of chemotherapeutic agents designed to target rapidly dividing cancer cells. For instance, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, and topoisomerase inhibitors disrupt DNA replication or interfere with cell division. Additionally, chemistry helps create molecules that modulate the immune system. Checkpoint inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies target cancer cells, helping the immune system recognize and destroy them.
Can you explain the concept of drug design in oncology?
In oncology, researchers identify molecules or pathways essential for cancer cell survival and proliferation, such as specific proteins or genes. Once a target is identified, chemists develop or screen compounds that can interact with the target to inhibit cancer growth. The chemical structure of these compounds is modified to enhance effectiveness, reduce toxicity, and improve their ability to reach the tumor. These drugs undergo rigorous testing in cells, animals, and humans to assess safety and efficacy.
What are some chemical signals involved in metastasis?
Key chemical signals involved in metastasis include proteins like Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) and Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β), which promote cancer cell growth and facilitate cellular changes that enable invasion and movement. CXCL12 and CCL2 are signaling proteins that attract cancer cells to specific tissues by interacting with receptors such as CXCR4. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), particularly MMP-2 and MMP-9, degrade the extracellular matrix, enabling cancer cells to invade tissues and enter the bloodstream. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, driven by pathways like Wnt, TGF-β, and Notch, enhances cancer cell mobility. Additionally, integrin αvβ3 helps metastatic cells anchor in new tissue environments, while Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) promotes blood vessel formation, supplying tumors with nutrients and a pathway to metastasize.
Are there any recent advancements in chemical research that could impact metastatic cancer treatment?
Recent research has shown that combining immune checkpoint inhibitors with an HDAC inhibitor significantly improves treatment outcomes for patients with metastatic breast cancer. This combination approach is especially promising for hard-to-treat cancers, such as triple-negative breast cancer, where immune therapies alone have shown limited effectiveness.
How do you see the intersection of chemistry and oncology evolving in the next few years?
The intersection of chemistry and oncology is expected to deepen, pushing cancer treatment towards more personalized, targeted therapies. Advances in molecular chemistry and bioengineering are already transforming drug development by focusing on creating treatments that precisely target cancer cells while sparing healthy ones. Nanotechnology will likely play a larger role, especially in drug delivery, with nanoparticles being developed to deliver chemotherapy directly to tumors, minimizing side effects and enhancing efficacy. Additionally, nanomaterials are being used to enhance the immune system's ability to recognize and attack cancer cells.
What advice would you give to high school students interested in pursuing a career in oncology or cancer research?
Focus on excelling in biology and chemistry, and consider taking advanced courses in these subjects. Seek research experience through internships and stay informed about oncology trends. Develop critical thinking and soft skills through activities such as debate and teamwork. Networking with professionals and finding mentors is essential, while maintaining balance and resilience in your studies is key to long-term success.
